Jan 30, 2019 pdf the introduction methods results and discussion imrad. There is often overlap between the discussion and conclusion, and in some dissertations these two sections are included in a single chapter. Findings and discussion this chapter presents the results of the data analysis in three sections and a discussion of the results. Learn how to write up your results, and then discuss them and set them into the. The method, results, discussion, and references sections start with the name of the section centered. Chapter 5 discussion of findings 106 phd degree in tourism management leslie, d 2008 from which data was gathered is small, the researcher is of the opinion that the results still provide meaningful findings and insights that could be generalised to normal.
Results and discussions engineering communication program. The findings revealed that the majority of the respondents were aged between 4049 years and both genders were almost equally represented in the sample. How do they answer the overall question or improve our understanding of the problem. If you have enough samples then you may make a generalization. Findings the result of the project revealed that pigweed or uray plant can be a source of sodium hydroxide or lye limited only as food additive to be used in preparing some native dishes like suman, kutsinta, rice cakes, etc. Chapter 4 findings and discussion this chapter presents. This is a comprehensive overview, and as such is helpful in making sure that at a glance you understand up front the necessary elements that will constitute each section of your dissertation.
Regoniel, patrick may 25, 2015 education, research 3 comments. Pdf how not to write research papers in agroforestry. Sample size calculation statistical analysis hypothesis testing. Results and discussion sections hanyang smart ctl english. An abstract is not a table of contents, a blowbyblow account of methods, or an introduction. The last section presents a discussion of the results found in the.
Connection variables included number of bolts, and number of rows of bolts with the intent of determining the. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Results and discussion sections in scientific research reports imrad after introducing the study and describing its methodology, an imrad report presents and discusses the main findings of the study. Chapter 5 presentation, analysis and discussion of results 5. The discussion does not include all details or issues. Chapter 4 findings, discussion and guidelines, and. Just a small amount of writing to go from this point. Finally, interpret, evaluate, infer, andor qualify the meaning of those results, stating your conclusions.
The majority of respondents namely 89,8% n106 were unemployed. Reporting research findings conclusion after putting a lot of effort into gathering information, you will want your report to contain factually accurate information that is objectively reported and conveyed in accurate or appropriate language. Results and conclusions this convergent study is the second part of a larger research program designed to understand physics instructors conceptions about the teaching and learning of problem solving. Repetition of results discussion of points other than those generated by the. The pu foam adhesion strength with tp material samples was calculated by dividing the measured peel force by the width of each sample strip. How to write a discussion section checklist and examples. What is the difference between results, discussion, and. Discussion of results findings research question 1 subtitles research question 2, etc.
Example b is an example from a poorly written results section. Results and discussion for samples sintered in the commercial microwave oven. Example from engineering results and discussion for. The writing center imrad results discussion guides. Chapter 4 research findings and discussion this chapter presents the results of my analysis. Mainlanders and taiwanese comprise the majority of the samples, with 46. Results and discussion sections in the scientific research article rolf norgaard university of colorado at boulder youve launched your scientific research article with an introduction that identifies the problem you are. The second section presents the results derived from cross analysis using anova and correlation analysis. Chapter 3 results and discussion 33 also the higher pc 60 content compared to the other samples. An abstract is not a table of contents, a blowbyblow account of. Figure 1 shows representative data obtained by students from a commercially available cigarette brand. You may present the results using past tense, while in the discussion you might choose present tense.
The introduction describes why the results needed to be obtained, the methods how they were obtained and the discussion explains the results. Chapter 5 discussion of findings 106 phd degree in tourism management leslie, d 2008 from which data was gathered is small, the researcher is of the opinion that the results still provide meaningful findings and insights that could be generalised to normal practice as carried out by the average hotel in the industry. You may choose to write these sections separately, or combine them into a single chapter, depending on your universitys guidelines and your own preferences. It follows the presentation of the methods and materials and is presented before the discussion sectionalthough the results and discussion are presented together in many journals. Taking history as an example, james currey currey, 1999. Four 4 questionnaires completed by those who never had the chance to attend workshops, three 3 nonresponses and thirteen with a lot of missing data were subtracted from the total sample size. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. This section answers the basic question what did you find in your research. The first section presents the demographic information of. The findings were presented and discussed in chapter 4 by making use of frequency tables, bar and pie graphs. Higher surface roughness means mechanical interlocking at the interface.
As already indicated in the preceding chapter, data is interpreted in a descriptive form. Notice that the authors have probably not included all of their findings. What is the difference between results, discussion, and conclusions in writing a research paper. Results and discussion the present study was an attempt to know about the awareness of women regarding the health issues with regards to menopause and problems faced during this stage. Sometimes papers include a conclusions section, especially when multiple studies are reported. The results and discussion are relatively cut and dried.
Xray diffraction analysis is the method by which multiple beams of xray create a three. This means that 20 questionnaires, out of 400 questionnaires distributed, were completely discarded from the. When writing a dissertation or thesis, the results and discussion sections can be. As stated in the previous chapter, the researcher selected a sample of 300 respondents residing in rajkot city. The findings relate to the research questions that guided the study. Elements of a results focus within undp predate introduction of results based management into undp, which.
A few papers also contain a conclusion section, which usually focuses on practical application or provides a short summary of the paper. Occasionally, the results and discussion will be combined into one chapter. Chapter sections include first the original research questions that were posed in the introduction to this thesis, the project in the context of landscape theory, and the results of the virtual tour. Chapter 3 results and discussion 30 peel force shown in figure 3. Writing the results and discussion as separate sections allows you to focus first on what results you obtained and set out clearly what happened in your experiments andor investigations without worrying about their implications. You might want to talk about how your results agree, or disagree, with the results from similar studies.
Note your aim, sum up approach briefly, and then provide results and conclusions. Chapter 4 key findings and discussion this chapter presents principal findings from the primary research. Sometimes we find all these three sections in one research paper, so what is the difference between. The results section is the part of the scientific paper around which everything else is built. An electrolyte blank nominally free of cd and pb was performed prior to running the sample and was used for background subtraction. The first section describes the basic information derived from analysis of each variable through descriptive statistics. The discussion is your opportunity to explain the results of your study in more detail unlike the results, you will spend more time in the discussion explaining exactly what our results mean helps readers understand your study even if they dont have knowledge of the statistics. It includes material which does not belong to the results section such as interpretation and discussion. This chapter presents the analysis and discussion of data gathered from the. The scientific article in the health sciences evolved from the letter form and purely descriptive style in the seventeenth century to a very standardized structure in the twentieth century known as introduction, methods, results, and discussion imrad. Results and discussion sections in the scientific research. The most important thing to remember when writing the abstract is to be brief and state only what is relevant. Dissertation discussion is the chapter where you explore the relevance, significance and meanings of your findings giving you the opportunity to showcase your talents in terms of describing and analyzing results of your study here you will be expected to demonstrate how your research findings answer the research questions established or test the hypothesis stated.
While the results section is supposed to objectively describe your research results, it is actually slightly subjective in the choice and order of findings presented. Chapter 5 presentation, analysis and discussion of results. Writing a scientific research paper university of richmond. Pdf research in physical sciences new trends and research findings. Chapter 4 key findings and discussion open access brunel. The goal of todays meeting is to understand if the internal communications and news you currently receive is effective, relevant and valuable to.
Because the first part of the research program has set forth the foundation in this. Responses from all the presses and notes taken during onsite visits to three of them in accra, harare and pretoria were. When writing a dissertation or thesis, the results and discussion sections can be both the most interesting as well as the most challenging sections to write. The survey findings are presented in four sections. Fully describe the study sample so that readers can gauge how well the study findings. Chapter four qualitative research 39 r esearch methods that delve deeply into experiences, social processes, and subcultures are referred to as qualitative research. The results and discussion sections present your research findings and your analysis of those findings. One interesting finding is that during the initial period of our study, the order of the imrad headings did not follow todays convention. Negative results are results and worth including in your report. These findings correlate with the fact that almost all the respondents were black. Identifying the major themes in the results will help structure the discussion, especially in long reports. Components of documents the results and discussion sections are the meat of most engineering reports. If youre unsure of the best structure for your research, look at sample dissertations in your field or consult your supervisor.
The results, discussion and conclusion sections are combined. Mar 21, 2019 there is often overlap between the discussion and conclusion, and in some dissertations these two sections are included in a single chapter. Pdf the introduction methods results and discussion imrad. The introduction contains the thesis statement telling the reader what the research. This can focus your mind on what the results actually show and help you to sort them in your head. The body of a report is made up of four parts, the introduction, the methods, the results, and the discussion section. The two subaims the first to compare the acquisition. See your apa manual, textbook and the sample paper for examples of how to cite and how to make a reference list. Results and discussion this chapter presents the results and discussion of the methods outlined in the previous chapter.
Results and discussion sections in the scientific research article rolf norgaard university of colorado at boulder youve launched your scientific research article with. Repetition of results discussion of points other than those generated by the studys data. This chapter includes a discussion of major findings as related to the literature on women in. Summarize the demographics of the sample, and present in a table format after the narration simon, 2006. Chapter 8 discussion introduction this chapter reflects on the main findings of the research in terms of its contributions to. Results and discussion slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Example results and discussion chemistry libretexts. Recognize that ever y individual is situated in an unfolding life context, that is, a set of circumstances, values, and influences. If you use a scatterplot, it is usually a good idea to also include a bestfitting line that you describe in the results section. Writing the results section for a research paper wordvice.
In a design report, the results and discussion may involve an evaluation of the design or method used. Provide actual results in tabular or graphic form first, selecting only significant data. The results and discussion section of your research paper should include the following. Discussionconclusion lab report writing libguides at. Xray diffraction xrd analysis results and discussion. The first section consists of a description of the sociodemographic characteristics of the survey sample, as well. It also indicates that most of the black adolescent. Findings and discussion themes that emerged from the esl students focus groups were compared and contrasted to the themes generated from the indepth individual interviews with the academics.
Data were analyzed to identify, describe and explore the relationship between death anxiety and. The results and discussion sections are the meat of most engineering reports. The role that they play in a lab report is obvious. Mar 05, 2020 once youve discussed the most important findings of your study in the results section, you will use the discussion section to interpret those findings and talk about why they are important some instructors call this the conclusion section. The discussion section is an important part of the research manuscript that allows the authors to showcase the study. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. Your explanations may include issues such as a nonrepresentative sample. The purpose of this qualitative grounded theory study was to identify what motivates women to stay in or return to stem professions, leading to a model of motivation. The adhesion strength per unit width of sample strips was calculated by dividing the measured force by width of each sample. Writing a scientific paper results, discussion and. A complete dissertation the big picture overview following is a road map that briefly outlines the contents of an entire dissertation.
Imrad i introduction m methods r results a and d discussion. The key to writing an effective results and discussion. Conclusions and recommendations 47 the findings from this study have been summarized in short text boxes at the end of major sections and chapter 4 has drawn together core strands from the analysis. As stated in the previous chapter, the researcher selected a sample of.
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